Constitutional Law and European Integration

There be few cases that rival Factortame in being simultaneously substantively clear and decisive, and perplexing as to its full impact. The scope of the change to the UK arrangement that has been instigated by it and other European Court of Justice decisions has been conceptualised as ranging from a judicial evolution to revolution. Although some theories are more convincing than others, each faces its declare weaknesses.However, nonwithstanding the conclusion of this departmenticular speculative debate, the influencees of European integration has undoubtedly quickened the pace at which UK fantan and courts as part of a globalised world guard had to squarely confront these total changes, peculiarly the departure from fantans stronghold over the constitution. A Diceyan picture of the UK constitution is no longer compatible with the current relationship between UK and EU law.It was decided in Factortame and confirmed in Equal Opportunities Commission, that the implications of the European Communities Act 1972 s. 2(4) is that EU law has supremacy in the case of clashes between EU and national laws. Within the orthodox sensible horizon that Parliament is dead sovereign, inconsistencies between Acts of Parliament are to be dealt with by applying the doctrine of unmistakable or implied repeal to give effect to the later Act which is hardly another illustration of how no Parliament can bind its successors.It would never have been open to national courts to declare provisions indoors native statute incompatible with EC law either temporarily or permanently as it is today. However, so long as UK remains a part of the EU, EU law volition prevail when inconsistencies arise and any(prenominal) derogation from this position will have to be d angiotensin converting enzyme expressly and unequivocally. Therefore, even if the current position of parliamentary sovereignty cannot clearly be defined, Factortame and EOC alone emphasise the unworkability of a Di ceyan view of parliamentary sovereignty in an European context.A radical unless when yet convincing argument that conceptualises the essential implications suggests that, EU law is able to place a substantive fixate on Parliaments law making authority on overlapping areas because being a member state has partially changed the influence of recognition of parliamentary sovereignty. Although this necessitates presupposing Parliamentary sovereignty is a well-grounded principle, not a purely political one, it seems exceptified because instead of accepting Parliament to be sovereign merely by its existence, it allows for a justification base on normative rguments. This is important considering that the UK is a modern democracy and in and of itself different to the state it was in when the doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty was earlier developed. Being a legal phenomenon, the scope of Parliamentary sovereignty evolves done the judgments of the court which provides a more bala nced and legitimate decision than considering just a political aspect because the political realities are still considered but are weighted against other principles such as the rule of loyalty to statutes.Furthermore, courts are gradually developing the idea that the authority of Parliament to benefit law is something that is subject to, and therefore controllable by constitutional law. For example, in the domestic case of Anisminic, the scope of Parliaments authority to confabulate on public authorities powers which are not subject to discriminative review was sharply limited. Thus, the effect of ECJ decisions on the constitution has been to develop it to a stage where Parliament is no longer sovereign at time when, and only when, inconsistencies between EU and national law occur within a field where both laws operate.On the other hand, Sir William Wade would argue that constitutional revolution rather than a mere evolution has resulted. However, this argument is not only at o dds with Lord Bridges feeling but lacks plausibility in itself. He explains that the courts have acted unconstitutionally and shifted their trueness because Parliamentary sovereignty being a rule of recognitionand a solely political norm, is a constitutional fixture which may only be diminished as a matter of practical politics.There is a real difficulty in accepting this because it would suggest judicial opinion may reverse a commitment that was reached democratic consensus among all branches of brass and wider society through public referendum. This configurationidable weakness of Sir William Wades argument supports viewing Parliamentary sovereignty as, at least partly, a legal concept. Although the theory that it is possible for the EU to place substantive limits to Parliamentary sovereignty accommodates the voluntary contractual argument and functional requirement of EU arguments that Lord Bridge presents, it is not without limitations either.It fits well with Lord Bridges alternative reasonings because they suggest that Parliament does have the power to limit its own powers and that the present conflict should be tackled on principled bases. This is important because legal phenomenon arise out of case law and albeit sparse, his judgment was the only one to address the topic. However, the persuasiveness of this argument is reduced by the fact that it but leads us to another equally difficult question of what legal steerion set the width of its powers.The judge themselves seem to be in difference amongst each other about this as Lord Hope says measures enacted by Parliament itself whereas Laws LJ says the unwritten constitution as interpreted by the judges which seems legitimate but in practical terms, leaves everything just as uncertain. So far only the implications of ECJ case law has been discussed but there are other elements to European integration such as the doctrine of direct effect and the European Union Act 2011 which have affected the nu rture of the UK constitution.These developments suggest that the new view is the most plausible representation of Parliamentary sovereignty today because referendum locks and the possibility for individuals to present a case in national courts on law derived from sources other than Parliament present limitations on Parliamentary sovereignty but not in the substantive gumption discussed above. Proponents of the new view view that ultimate sovereignty remains with Parliament but it may have to conform to certain manner and form limitations.The appealing factor of this model is that it also accommodates for the limitations that Human Rights Act proposes on Parliamentary legal authority as well. Yet it is problematic in that the EU has explicitly stated in s2 of the ECA that on at least an EU level, Union law is regarded as supreme and this theory fails to hatch this dimension of the relationship between domestic and EU law. Most importantly, it accentuates how the more and more multi -layered nature of the constitution must be taken into account in the broader debate.The holding of a point of absolute power faces pressure from extracurricular as well as inside the nation. When the broader question of whether we should be advance away from political and towards a more legal constitution is considered in light of the multi-tiered constitutionalism arising from the Parliamentary Acts of 1911 & 1949, Human Rights Act, Devolution as well as EU membership, it would seem that to maintain a wholly political view of Parliamentary sovereignty in any context would be to recall reality.However, anything more exact requires us to assess what balance between adaptability and cinch from maintaining a political constitution, and protected rights and principles from a legal constitution will provide the checks and balances necessary in dealing with the legal and political challenges of today. collect to declining public reputation of Parliament and diminishing respect for p olitical process generally, as well as the aim of Parliamentary sovereignty having in the beginning been to secure the broadest possible basis for ensuring democracy and legitimacy, we may not have to be so uneasy about adopting a more legal constitution.The UK constitution must embrace the emphasis it has always placed on a dynamic experience and once again, like with the case of devolution, get in a smooth transition before political repercussions manifest themselves. 1 . R v escritoire of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Ltd 1990 ECR I-2433 2 . capital of Minnesota Craig, Britain in the European Union in The Changing spirit (7th ed, 2011) pg120 3 . HWR Wade, Sovereignty- Revolution or Evolution? 1996 112 LQR 568 4 .R v Secretary of State for Employment ex parte Equal Opportunities Commission 1995 1 AC 1 5 . HWR Wade, The Basis of Legal Sovereignty 1955 CLJ 174 6 . Paul Craig, pg121 7 . 17th century Glorious Revolution, Bill of Rights 8 . TRS Allan, Parliament ary Sovereignty Law, Politics, and Revolution 1997 113 LQR 447 9 . Mark Elliott and Robert Thomas, Public Law (2011, Oxford) pg334 10 . Anisminic v Foreign Compensation Commission 1969 2 AC 147 11 . Wade, Sovereignty- Revolution or Evolution? 12 . HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (1996, Claredon Press) 13 .Wade, Sovereignty- Revolution or Evolution? 14 . UK European Communities membership referendum 1975 15 . Lord Bridge in Factortame 16 . Paul Craig Britain in the European Union in Jowell and Oliver (eds) TheChanging Constitution (7th edn, Oxford, 2007) pg 121 17 . Jackson v Attorney-General 2005 UKHL 56 18 . Thoburn v Sunderland City Council 2002 EWHC 195 19 . Sir I. Jennings, The Law and the Constitution (1959) ch. 4 20 . Jonathan Sumption Judicial and Political Decision-making The Uncertain Boundary 2011 Judicial reassessment 301